tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56597828627155258952024-02-02T08:18:52.543-07:00The Cambium Level...Leonard NoltLeonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.comBlogger598125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-49863821869786144332012-09-03T14:59:00.001-06:002012-09-30T20:28:49.871-06:00<br />
<b>BULLYING LEADING TO VIOLENCE (DOCUMENTATION): PART SEVEN OF WORKPLACE PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE. (Parts 1-6 are found on this blog also)</b><br />
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We all know that bullying (or mobbing) in the workplace is a form of violence. However, bullying can sometimes lead to violence. The targets of bullies are injured, sometimes severely injured. We have a large number of veterans in this country who have been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a result of their experiences in the military. Sometimes one of them will resort to violence, either against themselves, or against others. The same is true of people who have been injured on the front lines in the workplace, injured because they've been the target of a bully (or bullies). Here is documentation supporting that information. The following information is quoted from the books/sources mentioned.<br />
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<b>Mobbing: Emotional Abuse in the American Workplace
by Noa Davenport, Ph.D, Ruth Distler Schwartz and Gail Pursell Elliott </b><br />
<b>Copyright 1999, 2002 </b><br />
<b>Published by Civil Society Publishing </b><br />
<b> P.O.Box 1663 </b><br />
<b> Ames, Iowa 50010-1663</b><br />
<br />
"In 1998, the International Labour Office (ILO) published the report <i>Violence at Work,</i> written by Duncan Chappell and Vittorio Di Martino. In this report, mobbing and bullying behaviors are discusses along side homicide and other more commonly known violent behaviors" (Page 23).<br />
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"Extensive research conducted in Sweden in 1990 extrapolated that 3.5% of the labor force of 4.4 million persons, i.e. some 154,000, were mobbing victims at any given time. Dr Leymann also estimated that 15% of the suicides in Sweden are directly attributed to workplace mobbing" (Page 23). <br />
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"Mobbing is an emotional assault. It begins when an individual becomes the target of disrespectful and harmful behavior. Through innuendo, rumors, and public discrediting, a hostile environment is created in which one individual gathers others to willingly, or unwillingly, participate in continuous malevolent actions to force a person out of the workplace.
These actions escalate into abusive and terrorizing behavior. The victim feels increasingly helpless when the organization does not put a stop to the behavior or may even plan or condone it.
As a result, the individual experiences increasingly distress, illness, and social misery. Frequently productivity is affected and victims begins to use sick leave to try to recover from the daily pressures and torment. Depression or accidents may occur. Resignation, termination, or early retirement, the negotiated voluntary or involuntary expulsion from the workplace, follows.
For the victim, death - through illness or suicide - may be the final chapter in the mobbing story" (page 33).<br />
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"The combination of these ten major factors impacts gravely the emotional and physical well-being of the targeted individual and can result in death by illness, accident, or suicide" (Page 42).<br />
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"Despair and rage may push some people to the extremes. They commit acts of violence - directed at themselves or at the mobbers and even at innocent people. Feeling hopeless and destroyed, some individuals may take their lives" (page 94).<br />
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"Yet another option that some people consider is to take revenge through violence. Feeling depressed or angry, they direct violence at themselves or at the mobbers. <i>To avoid acting out on impulse, seek help quickly. Violence is not a rational choice"</i> (Page 101).<br />
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"Leymann estimated that some 10-15% of all suicides in Sweden could be attributed to workplace mobbing. Although this is somewhat uncertain, as actual data is almost impossible to come by, other researchers have confirmed that almost half the victims in their surveys have contemplated suicide.
Currently there are more than 30,000 suicides annually in the U.S., about 12 per 100,000 persons, or 1 suicide every 17 minutes. If we use the conservative Swedish percentage of 10% of all suicides attributable to workplace issues, there would be some 3,000 suicides in the U.S. directly linked to the workplace.
As far as workplace homicide is concerned, employers and employees are killed every year because of arguments over money, property, or other reasons. Every so often the media informs us of workplace shootings by disgruntled employees, but there is rarely a report that identifies the deeper background of these tragedies" (Page 189).<br />
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<b>Adult Bullying: Perpetrators and Victims</b><br />
<b>By Peter Randall</b><br />
<b>Copyright 1997</b><br />
<b>Published by Routledge</b><br />
<b> 11 New Fetter Lane</b><br />
<b> London, EC4P 4EE</b><br />
<b>and by Routledge</b><br />
<b> 29 West 35th St.</b><br />
<b> New York, NY 10001</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
"Regrettably, the frequency with which aggression is encountered in on the increase: certainly this is the case for workplace conflicts. In the USA the problem is already extreme: for example the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, during the year ending July 1993, recorded more than 1,000 workplace murders, 6 million threats, and more than 2 million physical assaults on workers (Van Aalten, 1994).<b> </b>Survey evidence from the Center for Disease Control suggest that fifteen murders occur in US workplaces each week, making it the third largest cause of death at work. Not surprisingly, given these statistics, one in four workers in the USA report being harassed, attacked, or threatened at work during a one-year period (Johnson and Indvik, 1996). These and other related facts make the USA one of the worst places in the world for homicide, currently with ten times the English rate (Olsen, 1994)" (Pages 1-2).<br />
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"Over 1 million individuals are the victims of violent crimes in the workplace each year. This figure constitutes approximately 15 percent of all violent crimes committed annually in the United States. Of these crimes 60 percent were characterized as simple assault by the Department of Justice.<br />
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"Of all workplace crimes of violence reported, over 80 percent were committed by males, 40 per cent were complete strangers to the victims, 35 per cent by casual acquaintances, 19 per cent by individuals well known to the victim and 1 per cent by relatives to the victim. It is the 19 per cent of individuals well know to the victims that are of particular concern to organizations because it is within this group that aggression between workers is to be found..."<br />
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"...It was estimated that aggression in the workplace caused some 500,000 employees to miss 1,751,000 days of work annually, or 3.5 days per incident. This missed work equated to approximately $55 million in lost wages " (Page 47-48).<br />
<b> </b><br />
"This potential range of effects on victims is enormous. Quite apart from people giving up their chosen careers in order to avoid bullies. It is not unknown for bullying at work to cause problems in pregnancy, alcohol abuse, psychiatric illness, family problems, marital and relationship difficulties, suicide, and, most frequently of all, resignation to the superiority of the bully. As has been mentioned before, the effects of bullying have been likened to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Parker and Randall, 1996)..." (Page 57).<br />
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"In this context, organisational health is not a matter of financial viability, profit or loss, high versus low productivity or any other monetary indicator. In this instance organisational health refer to the commitment on the part of management to sustain a happy, healthy, and secure workplace. Such a commitment would not permit harassment of any sort and would have in place policies and procedures designed to minimize and, as far as possible, prevent it. <i>Organisations that fail to do this are not healthy and they may ultimately become a victim of hostility and aggression experience within the workplace. </i>It is of great importance that an organisation be as proactive in the management of aggression as it is in its marketing, production and development strategies " (Page 106) (emphasis mine).<br />
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"Employees should feel both physically safe and psychologically secure in their workplace. Those who do not can be subjected to significant occupational stress to which they may respond aggressively by harassing others. This potential aggression can be significantly reduced by the presence of strong safety and crises management procedures. In one recent survey in relation to workplace homicide, Stuart (1972) discovered that in the Atlanta metropolitan area:<br />
76% of the businesses surveyed were operated by mangers who believed that crises in the workplace were inevitable;<br />
despite these high proportion, about the same percentage of these businesses had no crises management plan;<br />
73% of the businesses surveyed were operated by mangers who reported having n training in dealing with crises situations;<br />
additionally 72% of those businesses had no crises management team; and 50% of those surveyed reported that they were not satisfied with their crises response procedures..."<br />
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"Although crises is generally about saving lives, minimizing injuries and protecting organizational property and production lines, it is also about the prevention of large problems by the early identification of small problems. This definitely includes aggression in the workplace, which, fortunately on rare occasions, can explode into serious physical assaults and even murder. It is clear, therefore, that safety officers and personnel officers should work closely together on crises management procedures such that safety rules contain specific reference to those contained within anti-harassment procedures. This is particularly necessary where staff may interact with the general public, some of whom may use bullying tactics to secure what they may believe to be their rights.<br />
In establishing a crises management team the organisation should include within it those who can deal with traumatized staff or refer them on to other agencies. This is obviously necessary in the case of debriefing staff who have been traumatised by explosions, fires, and other major incidents, but should also include a facility for those who have been traumatised by bullying behavior from within the workforce" (Page 109-110).<br />
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<b>Stalking the Soul: Emotional Abuse and the Erosion of Identity</b><br />
<b>By Marie-France Hirigoyen</b><br />
<b>Published 1998 by Edition La Decouverte & Syros, Paris.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
"A person who has undergone psychic aggression such as emotional abuse is truly a victim because his or her psyche has been, to a greater or lesser degree, permanently altered. Even if a victim's reactions to emotional abuse contribute to a sustained, even seemingly equal, relationship with the aggressor, one must not forget that this person suffers from a situation for which he or she is not responsible. When victims of this insidious form of violence do consult a psychotherapist, it is generally for the treatment of a self-contained problem such as mental inhibition and lack of confidence and assertiveness; it can also be a state of permanent depression that is unresponsive to medication, or a more intense depression potentially leading to suicide. If they sometimes complain about their "partner" or those around them, they may also seem unaware of the terrible subterranean violence that threatens them. This pre-existing state of psychic confusion can make even the psychotherapist gloss over the question of objective violence. These situations share a common unthinkable element: the victims, while recognizing their suffering, cannot really imagine that violence and abuse have taken place. Sometime doubt persists: " Am I making it all up, as others have suggested?" When and if they dare to complain about what is happening, they feel inadequate to describe it and therefore assume they are misunderstood.<br />
I have deliberately chose the terms "perverse abuser" and "victim" because this is a case of hidden but authentic violence" (Pages 9-10).<br />
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"Psychiatrists generally encounter victims at the decompensation stage. They suffer from pervasive anxiety, depression, or psychosomatic illnesses. Decompensation can lead to violence in more impulsive patients. Abusers often take this as justification for their behavior..."<br />
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"....Depression is linked to exhaustion and too much stress. Victims feel empty, tired ,and without energy. Nothing interests them. They can't think about and concentrate on even the most mundane subjects. They will sometimes contemplate suicide. The risk of suicide becomes greater during the period when they suddenly realize they've been cheated and their damages will never be compensated" (Pages 159-160).<br />
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A direct result of abusive provocation for still others is behavior in nature. Hysterics in public or attack on the abuser are vain attempts to be heard which instead will be turned against the victim..."<br />
"Impulsive as well as predatory abuse can lead to violent crime, although it's more likely in the former. Emotional abuses, in order to prove the victims are bad, will go so far as arouse violent reactions in them. In the movie <i>Passage a l'Acte </i>(1996) by Francis Girod, a perverse abuser makes his psychiatrist kill him. He has played the game out to its fullest extent. Sometimes the victim turns the violence against himself and commits suicide because it's the only way to get rid of his aggressor" (Page 161).<i> </i><br />
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<b>The Bully at Work: What You Can Do to Stop the Hurt and Reclaim Your Dignity On the Job.</b><br />
<b>By Gary Namie, PhD, and Ruth Namie PhD</b><br />
<b>Copyright 2000, 2003</b><br />
<b>Published by Sourcebooks, Inc.</b><br />
<b>Napierville, IL 60567-4410</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
"Workplace violence certainly grabs headlines, but they are misleading. Workers face the greatest risks of assault from customers, clients, robbers, scorned lovers, and strangers. Violence between workers, of the same or different rank, accounted for only 11 percent of workplace homicides, according to the University of California-Berkeley Labor Occupational Health Program's 1997 findings..."<br />
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"...There is a highly profitable workplace violence "industry" created by management consultants who don't want employers to hear the 11 percent figure. They want employers to fear employees. That illogical fear convinces employers to pay huge fees for psychological testing of non-supervisory employees and of pre-hire job applicants. Testing is wrong for two reasons. First, an uncritical acceptance of testing places a premium on personality as the cause of all action. In reality, hostile workplaces, in other words, situations and circumstances coerce people to do strange things. A second error is to omit testing mangers, who comprise 81 percent of the pool of bullies according to our research. Therefore the perpetrators are exempt from having their own aggressive impulses detected..."<br />
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"...Are bullied Targets a violence risk? In the rarest of circumstances, a Target , after years of mistreatment at the hands of a tyrant and inaction by the employer, saw no alternative and turned to violence..."<br />
"...Post- shooting analysts carefully have to dissect each episode of workplace violence. If the shooter selects certain people, then we at the institute are reasonable sure that those victims had previously frustrated the person by ignoring or denying repeated complaints about mistreatment at work.. That is, when the victims are an EEO officer, a human resource staffer, or the boss of the bully, then we can contribute the violence to unaddressed bullying. Sadly the knee-jerk, simplistic story told is that the shooter was a wacko. Reporters interview the bullying supervisor who defames the employee as a poor performer "with troubles" as the body is being loaded into the coroner's wagon. It is more likely that Targets direct the violence inward and commit suicide. Given the roles shame and humiliation play in their lives, Targets have great difficulty getting out of bed and often suffer from depression. By the time they kill themselves they have lost their marriages, their homes, their children, and all hope of surviving economically. It was bullying that probably drove them out of their job and started the decline in the quality of their lives in the first place.. Unfortunately, the link between the suicide and the cruel mistreatment and subsequent loss of job is less obvious than the trail of bodies in a public shooting rampage. A federal agency union representative knew of nine suicides in one year in her region directly attributable to bullying " (Page 8-10).<br />
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<b>Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Invisible Injury (2005 editon)</b><br />
<b>By David Kinchin</b><br />
<b>Pub. 2004 by Success Unlimited</b><br />
<b> P.O. Box 67</b><br />
<b> Oxfordshire OX11 9YS, UK</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
"After seeing so many traumatized Vietnam veterans, the medical profession recognized that all victims of extremely traumatic events tended to exhibit similar behaviour and symptoms. Significant numbers of Vietnam veterans were displaying signs that all was not well with their lives. Their traumatic wartime experiences were adversely affecting their state of health. Upon returning home they were not welcomed as heroes. Civilians just did not want to know. The combination of suffering severe trauma and experiencing such a negative reaction back home led some veterans to resort to drink, drugs, and violence" (Page 3).<br />
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"The spiral of events may lead to feelings of depression and anxiety. Untreated, this can have dangerous and far-reaching consequences. Resultant poor attendance at the workplace may result in unemployment, and irritability often adds strain to all personal relationships. All this, combined with possible uncontrollable and violent outbursts during periods when the victim is re-experiencing the trauma, can add up to an unbearable life. Things cannot continue in this way for long" (Page 11).<br />
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NOTE: In chapter 3, entitled "Symptoms of PTSD," on page 46 included with a list of the symptoms of PTSD is "violent outbursts."<br />
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"Families can suffer if they are unable to approach the issues correctly. Families with trauma victims may be more inclined to outbursts of anger and violence. Their care skills and ability to be intimate may dwindle as poor communication leads to lack of trust and feelings of insecurity. A general dissatisfaction with life may become the predominant family mood. Victims are hard to cheer up, and can be prone to repeated re-occurrences of crises and panic. Substance abuse and sexual dissatisfaction are problems which may occur" (Page 63).<br />
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NOTE: In chapter 5 entitled, "Complications, " on page 70 under a list of "common symptoms of depression that are linked to PTSD" is: "recurrent thoughts of death/suicide."<br />
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NOTE: In chapter 10 entitled "People Who Can Help" on page 111 under a list of the reminders of "the symptoms of PTSD, " is "violent outbursts."<br />
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"Sleeplessness, irritability, poor memory, out bursts of violence and other physical symptoms can all be linked to the way we feel. There are several ways of relieving these symptoms. Some involve conventional treatments while others resort to natural remedies. All of them have been found to help ease the situations" (Page 112).<br />
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<b>Bully in Sight: How to Predict, Resist, Challenge, and Combat Workplace Bullying.</b><br />
<b>By Tim Field</b><br />
<b>Pub. 1996 by Success Unlimited</b><br />
<b> P.O. Box 67</b><br />
<b> Didcot</b><br />
<b> Oxfordshire OX11 9YS, UK</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>:Acculturation:</b> this is the greatest danger - over time, through acculturation and becoming accustomed to the company culture, bullying comes to be seen as normal. It then requires an event of significant magnitude - such as legal action, violence, or even suicide - to shake the workplace - at all levels - out of its complacency, acquiescence and denial" (Page 11).<br />
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NOTE<b>: </b>In Chapter 8 on "Symptoms and Effects" on page 130 under a list of "psychological symptoms of stress from bullying" is "thoughts of suicide." Personal note: <i> There are 47 items on this list. I suffered from 27 of those symptoms as a result of the bullying I was subjected to at Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center (SARMC), bullying which to this day St. Alphonsus management refuses to take responsibility for or even acknowledge. Also note that "thoughts of suicide" was <b>NOT</b> one of the symptoms I experienced. I publicly stated that when I reported why I left SARMC</i><b> </b><i>to many former co-workers, but management lied and said that it was, and used that lie and others to justify a punitive psychiatric admission to their own hospital.</i><br />
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NOTE: IN Chapter 8 on "Symptoms and Effect" on page 133 under a list of "behavioural symptoms of stress from bullying," is "suicide - real, attempted, or contemplated."<br />
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"The effects of personality are harder to define, but no less real to the sufferer. Indeed the English language lacks appropriate words to describe the feelings of a shattered self-confidence, other than by listening the possible consequences of those sensations. The ultimate conclusion is suicide, although many victims have a behaviour pattern which includes a strong sense of injustice" (pages 137-138).<br />
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From the "Los Angeles Lawyers Mesriani Law Group" at<br />
http://mesrianilaw.livejournal.com/2607.html<br />
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Under the title "Workplace Bullying and Its Victims" "Meanwhile several studies found that victims of workplace bullying experience severe stress, depression, sleep deprivation, chronic headache and stomach ache, and low self-esteem. There are also reported cases in which workers had committed suicide after experiencing workplace bullying."<br />
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<b>Going Postal: Rage. Murder. and Rebellion: From Reagan's Workplace to Clinton's Columbine and Beyond</b><br />
<b>By Mark Ames</b><br />
<b>Published 2005 by Soft Skull Press</b><br />
<b> 55 Washington Street, 804</b><br />
<b> Brooklyn, NY 11201</b><br />
<b> www.softskull.com</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
NOTE: <i>On of the chief points of Ames' book is to point out that the workplace and school shootings which have occurred with increasing frequency in this country have one thing in common, and only one thing in common. All the shooters involved were the targets of chronic bullying and harassment: if in school from other students and/or administration; if at the workplace, from co-workers and/or management. </i><b> </b><i>This is true from the Sept. 14, 1989 killing of seven people and wounding twenty by Joseph (Rocky) Wesbecker at Standard Gravure in Louisville, Kentucky, one of the first workplace/school massacres, to the much better known Columbine school shootings in Colorado, and since including the Virginia Tech massacre which is not included in this book because it occurred after the book was published. These following quotes are included here with that information in mind. </i><br />
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"To add to all these pressures, Wesbecker had to put up with the kind of toxic bullying which is common in the workplace, yet until recently, rarely considered" (Page 27). <i> <b> </b></i><br />
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"Everyone today agrees that slavery caused slave violence. and that inner-city poverty and pressures breed violent crime. Why is it so awful to suggest that offices, such as they are today, breed office massacres" (page 67)?<br />
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"Every massacre is followed by one of these disingenuous whys, and each time, the larger cultural tendency is to move on. Yet Uyesugi's massacre <i>(Xerox Co. Honolulu, Nov. 2, 1999)</i> suggested that rage had a context. Something in modern America that was hard to frame was causing them to break out only in America and only in our very recent history. These weren't just any old murders, they were part of something hard to define. Yet they were all related, Xerox, Columbine, post offices, offices...in fact, it seems to me <i>obvious </i>that school and office massacres had to be linked - the story-lines were almost identical including duffel bags, quiet types, and shooting at random, and the community reaction that followed always repeated itself. Incapable of even conceiving an explanation, the public would ask why and then blame the most convenient villain it could drag out of he rigged lineup, lax gun control laws, video games, people who just snap..." (Page 85).<br />
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"Rather than looking outside of the office for an explanation for these shootings sprees - rather than blaming violent films, gun proliferation, the break-up of the family, the lack of God, or a fear-mongering media- why not consider the changes within America's corporate culture itself? We avoid this topic in mainstream discourse, and there are powerful reasons for self-censorship: if the workplace is responsible, then that means every working American is potentially in peril, living in unbearable circumstances, yet too deluded, or too beaten down to recognize it" (Page 87).<br />
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<b>Information compiled by Leonard Nolt.</b><br />
<b>Responses Welcome</b><br />
<b>LeonardNolt@AOL.com </b><br />
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<br />Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com21tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-53561331952748149082012-03-17T22:38:00.004-06:002012-03-17T22:49:02.161-06:00"...the hugh investments flowing from China, Europe, and Japan are intended not just to transform their energy sectors, but also to transform their economies by wresting technological and production leadership from the United States. "...the continuing quagmire of U.S. political fighting over energy policies and climate change and the hostility of the Republican Party toward renewable energy are discouraging continued investment here and threatening our long-term prospects."<br /><br />"It is striking that our primary industrial competitors - Europe, China, and Japan - not only accept the reality of climate change and the need to transition toward a low-carbon economy, but they embrace and seek to dominate this transiton as a source of jobs and economic growth. Only in the United States are ideology and oil money impeding this transition. Even those who question climate change should embrace our renewable energy and energy-efficiency industries as economic drivers that can help pull the United States out of its economic doldrums." <br /><br />by Douglas A. Ruley, from the Nov/Dec. issue of Solar Today, Page 33.Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-3307184112933762702011-11-18T05:25:00.004-07:002011-12-02T14:07:33.053-07:00Note from July 12, 2011<br /><br />At breakfast this moring at a Bob Evans Restaurant in Harrisonburg, Virginia, Zach (our 8-year-old grandson), while munching a chocolate chip pancake drowning in syrup, said, "I kinda wish I was younger, because it sucks getting old." Then he added, "I want to enjoy the ride as long as it lasts."Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-79487646176539972432011-11-18T05:18:00.002-07:002011-11-18T05:22:08.998-07:00From August 5, 2011<br /><br />Today Zach and I were biking home from downtown along the Greenbelt which is about 5-8 miles. About 35 minutes into the ride the following conversation took place.<br />Leonard: Zach, I'm surprised your not whining about your legs getting tired.<br />Zach: I'm saving my whines until we get home.Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-16732505291502728952011-11-18T05:08:00.002-07:002011-11-18T05:15:45.893-07:00The following conversation took place back in August:<br />After unloading the clothes dryer, filled with Zach's clothes, he, Kate, and I had this conversation:<br /><br />Papa: Zach, you need to fold your clean clothes and put them away.<br />Kate: Yes, Zach, get to it<br />Papa: From now on it will be your job to fold your clothes and put them away. Helping to take care of yourself by folding your clothes and putting them where they belong will make you a happier kid.<br />Zach (with a dour or gloomy tone in his voice): I'm already too happy.Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-926705085759985842011-11-18T04:58:00.001-07:002011-11-18T05:03:17.706-07:00I recommend this article which addresses the issue of workplace bullying, a problem in many businesses, especially health care. <br /><br /><a href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/287978">http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/287978</a>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-12434063195032001702011-11-18T04:32:00.002-07:002011-11-18T04:50:02.738-07:00On Oct 20 Zach and I were making Christmas cards together from scratch using recycled Christmas cards from previous years. Zach picked up one I made years ago with the words "Peace on Earth," on it and announced that this was a good birthday care for Jackson. I pointed out that that particular phrase applies to Christmas, not to a regular birthday, and Zach promptly responded by saying that since Jackson was born on April 22, which is Earth Day, it applies as much to his birthday as to Christmas. Although he thought of it first, I immediately recognized the accuracy of his insight and complimented him for it.Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-83514757347226324502011-11-18T04:31:00.002-07:002011-11-18T04:32:22.030-07:00Zach, commenting on the new, expensive, but very disappointing LED light bulb I recently put in a lamp in our living room: "It's so bad the bugs won't even fly to it."Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-73477137506901090372011-11-01T14:13:00.003-06:002011-11-01T14:14:22.168-06:00When we're listening to political candidates talk about immigration, it's important and helpful to remember this information:<br /><br /><a href="http://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/immigration-myths-and-facts">http://www.aclu.org/immigrants-rights/immigration-myths-and-facts</a>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-4754395305119309322011-09-04T22:37:00.000-06:002011-09-04T22:38:44.207-06:00http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/287978Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-55941551665037489182011-08-25T00:12:00.002-06:002011-08-25T00:18:55.127-06:00<span style="font-family:verdana;color:#003300;">"If all U.S. residents reduced their consumption of animal products by half, the nation's total dietary water requirements in 2025 would drop by 261 billion cubic meters per year, a savings equal to the annual flow of 14 Colorado Rivers."</span>
<br /><span style="color:#003300;"></span>
<br />Sandra Postel, Director of Global Water Policy Project; author of "<em>Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity." </em>in Yes! Magazine, Summer, 2010 issue, page 23.
<br />Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-2889377923988062962011-07-26T10:51:00.002-06:002011-07-26T10:54:41.619-06:00For those familiar with his work, the theologian Gordon Kaufman, died recently. Here's an article about him by Ted Grimsrud. <a href="http://thinkingpacifism.net/2011/07/24gordon-kaufman-r-i-p/">http://thinkingpacifism.net/2011/07/24gordon-kaufman-r-i-p/</a>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-30241872388295725982011-06-29T05:49:00.003-06:002011-06-29T05:58:22.561-06:00<strong><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#990000;">"Curtis White in <em>The Middle Mind</em> argues that most Americans are aware of the brutality and injustice used to maintain the excesses of their consumer society and empire. He suspects they do not care. They don't want to see what is done in their name. They do not want to look at the rows of flag-draped coffins or the horribly maimed bodies and faces of the veterans who return home, or the hundreds and thousands we have killed in Iraq. It is too upsetting. They do not want to read about the nation's growing legions of under-employed and poor, or the child laborers in sweat shops who make our clothing and our shoes. Government and media censorship - increasingly common since the attack of 2001 - are appreciated. Most prefer to be entertained." </span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#990000;">From "I Don't Believe in Atheists" by Chris Hedges; Pages 85-86.</span></strong>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-5308024481733154262011-06-07T23:06:00.003-06:002011-06-07T23:15:24.345-06:00The NRA: Couriers of DeathThe irresponsible National Rifle Association (NRA) has done an enormous amount of damage to the people of this country, making our homeland a more dangerous place for children as well as adults and turning our neighborhood into places characterized by hostility rather than hospitality. The over-population of firearms, especially those designed primarily to shoot people, results in many more successful suicide attempts than would take place if firearms were not so prevalent. It also makes it far easier for arguments and conflicts to turn deadly. Unfortunately the nefarious influence of the NRA also extends to victimizing birds and other creatures as pointed out in this article. <a href="http://www.audubonmagazine.org/incite/incite1105.html">http://www.audubonmagazine.org/incite/incite1105.html</a>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com21tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-11713297843350765852011-05-30T16:23:00.000-06:002011-05-30T16:25:07.400-06:00<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2VkPr_Rc8qGQLyWYnscCm_0y7uqUjHCcIwURK3A3FsMRotNuort0QlYk1QF2iXM0gevui7wxpTLn7S5NoLlFPLF4OY1fxAvVvr-eVLpgGCLEzATA8oh5wMHw6aKvx-GVMAdYRW_kNsk8/s1600/00000039.jpg"><img style="WIDTH: 400px; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5612638736244921138" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2VkPr_Rc8qGQLyWYnscCm_0y7uqUjHCcIwURK3A3FsMRotNuort0QlYk1QF2iXM0gevui7wxpTLn7S5NoLlFPLF4OY1fxAvVvr-eVLpgGCLEzATA8oh5wMHw6aKvx-GVMAdYRW_kNsk8/s400/00000039.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><div></div>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-90634306249884580122011-05-30T16:21:00.001-06:002011-05-30T16:23:31.981-06:00<em><span style="color:#330099;">"My job was to give them faith in their own voice, and let them know that a friend was listening."</span></em><br /><span style="color:#330099;">A beautiful line from the movie, "The King's Speech,"</span><br /><em><span style="color:#330099;"></span></em>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-59732846842340123412011-05-17T22:35:00.001-06:002011-05-17T22:35:59.407-06:00WHY ARE GAS PRICES SO LOW?<a href="http://www.themennonite.org/issues/14-5/articles/Why_are_gas_prices_so_low">http://www.themennonite.org/issues/14-5/articles/Why_are_gas_prices_so_low</a>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-24389405959482383732011-05-03T14:11:00.002-06:002011-05-03T14:15:43.563-06:00<em><span style="color:#000099;">"The afternoon is an unmade bed you can't crawl into."</span></em><br /><em><span style="color:#000099;"></span></em><br /><em><span style="color:#000099;"></span><span style="color:#006600;">from "Milkdress" poems by</span></em><br /><em><span style="color:#006600;">Nicole Cooley, Pub. 2010</span></em><br /><em><span style="color:#006600;">by Alice James Books</span></em><br /><em><span style="color:#006600;"></span><a href="http://www.alicejamesbooks.org/"><span style="color:#006600;">www.alicejamesbooks.org</span></a></em><br /><em><span style="color:#006600;">page 58.</span></em>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-43457855333764833202011-04-29T09:20:00.009-06:002011-04-30T21:11:02.127-06:00Language and Life<em>Note: This essay/review, with some slight changes, was written in 1995 for the Psycholinguistics class I was taking at Boise State <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_0" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">University</span>, taught by Mary Ellen Ryder.</em><br /><em>Ryder, one of the two or three best professors I had in college, died in a wildfire that consumed her home and several others in east Boise on Aug, 25, 2008.<br /></em><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;color:#330099;">For over twenty-five years I've worked in hospitals and medical centers mostly as a respiratory therapist, but also as a nurse aide and orderly. I've been intrigued by the kind of communication which takes place between patients and health care workers. Frequently I've heard nurses and others involved in health care refer to patients <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_1" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">with</span> words like "honey," "luv," "darling," and "dear." Usually the people they're addressing are older, smaller <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_2" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">in stature</span>, and in a weaker physical condition. They may be male or female. They are also strangers, people they've had no contact with outside of their place of employment. Often they are new <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_3" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">admissions</span> who have just arrived at the hospital. It's always bothered me to hear others use those terms in addressing strangers. I have to wonder what terms they use to address those they are intimate with, spouses, children, and other family members, and loved ones. If words normally used for that purpose are used on strangers, what kind of language remains for their loved ones?</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;color:#330099;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;color:#330099;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;color:#330099;">Robin <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_4" class="blsp-spelling-error"><span id="SPELLING_ERROR_0" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span></span> toward the end of her book <em><strong>Language and Woman's Place</strong></em> addresses the same concern. <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_5" class="blsp-spelling-error"><span id="SPELLING_ERROR_1" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span></span> claims that women who are <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_6" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">socially</span> subordinate, especially saleswomen and waitresses, are inclined to talk like this. Probably that would also include most health care workers, since they, like waitresses and saleswomen have never been included in the upper echelons of society. I've heard women speak like that to male and female patients and I've heard some men use <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_2" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">these</span> terms when speaking to a female patient, but <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_3" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">I've</span> never heard a heterosexual man speak that way to a male patient. <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_4" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span> reports the same observation.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p><span style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="color:#330099;"><span id="SPELLING_ERROR_5" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span> claims that speaking in condescending terms of endearment (as to a child) toward another adult, who does not respond in a similar manner, is evidence that a nonparallel relationship exists. In other words it's a relationship in which one person is seen as being subordinate to another. <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_6" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span> is accurate in her assessment of the situation. In the hospital a patient is "under" the care and to some extent, also under the power and control of the physicians, nurses, aides, therapists, and technicians caring for him or her. Today patients have more rights and more control over the care they receive so the discrepancy is not as great as it was a couple decades ago, but it's still significant. This nonparallel relationship impacts the language people use. However not every health care worker speaks to patients in such a manner. Are those who refrain from <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_7" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">addressing</span> patients with intimate terms, when no intimacy exists between them, showing more respect and granting more control to the patient? </span></span></p><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#330099;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#330099;"><span id="SPELLING_ERROR_8" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span> starts her book with the following sentence, "Language uses us as much as we use language." <strong><em>Language and Woman's Place</em></strong> is a short, but powerful treatise proving that point. Unfortunately a large segment of our society is misused by the language they've been taught, and have to hear. Recently I saw the movie <strong><em>Dangerous Minds,</em></strong> and in one scene the teacher, played by Michele <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_9" class="blsp-spelling-error">Peiffer</span>, tells her class that they have to have a vocabulary in order to think. <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_10" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span> maintains that the vocabularies taught to boys and girls differ, and they differ in ways which oppress women and make it more difficult for them to succeed, and to be taken seriously by <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_11" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">others</span> when they are adults. The way we use words directs our thinking, and it sends our thoughts down paths that support mistreating others with language, and ultimately also with action or inaction. We are told and taught to think before we speak in order to avoid saying something foolish. The reverse is also true. The words we select and the way we arrange them in sentences can also mislead our thinking.</span></span><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#330099;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#330099;">The language people speak reflect social inequalities which make succeeding in life more difficult for women. Language also helps perpetuate those same inequalities which it reflects. Some language considered appropriate for men to use is seen as being too strong for female usage which, according to <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_12" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span>, reinforces male positions of strength in society while denying women equal access to those same positions.</span><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#330099;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#330099;">Of course language isn't the only part of our society which oppresses women, but it's the only topic of this book. <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_13" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span> comments on the traditional conclusion of the marriage ceremony, "I now pronounce you man and wife," a conclusion which probably isn't used much any more. She doesn't mention the equally discriminatory and much more alive tradition of a woman having to wait until a man <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_14" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">asks</span> her for a date, and also the tradition of using the bride's father to "give her away" to the groom at the wedding. If when they started dating, a woman was given the power of making the initial choice by asking a man for a date, a <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_15" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">big</span> step would be taken toward equality of the sexes. I have four daughters and I have, at times, encouraged them to ask a boy for a date, but tradition and peer pressure have always been much stronger than a father's suggestion, a suggestion that's trying to change a deeply ingrained cultural habit. None of my daughters are married but I<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_16" class="blsp-spelling-error">'ve</span> informed them that I wouldn't give them away when they got married unless the groom's mother does the same to the groom. That tradition, which I find revolting, implies that the bride is the property of her father until she becomes the property of her husband. If <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_17" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span> had tied more of her observations about language to <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_18" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">examples</span> of customs like this, she might have been m<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_19" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">ore</span> convincing to doubting readers. Of course then she would have a much longer book. I found her arguments and observations very insightful and convincing, but I was a believer before I read it.</span><br /><span style="color:#330099;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#330099;">The words we use oppress or <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_20" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">liberate</span>, not <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_21" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">just</span> others, but us also. It's <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_22" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">impossible</span> to legislate a different way of talking. The status of women in society will only improve when the accomplishments of women are given equal recognition. <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_23" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">According</span> to <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_24" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff</span> unequal language and communication reflects inequalities in society. Only by being aware of society's inequalities and the ways in which they are supported <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_25" class="blsp-spelling-error">linguistically</span> will someone gain the power to change and gradually help attain a better, more equitable society. <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_26" class="blsp-spelling-error">Lakoff's</span> book is a gift which raises awareness of these inequalities in speech. That can make a positive difference.</span><br /><span style="color:#330099;"></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><em>from Oct. 9, 1995</em></span><em> </em><br /><br /><br /><br />Leonard NoltLeonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-60222951284551014142011-02-28T00:09:00.002-07:002011-02-28T00:11:44.709-07:00<span style="font-family:verdana;color:#cc0000;"><em>"In the end we will remember, not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends." </em></span><br /><em><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#cc0000;">Martin Luther King</span></em>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-43540338555324575112011-02-15T20:59:00.002-07:002011-02-15T21:02:32.581-07:00<span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#993399;">"It's easier to learn to do without some of the things than money can buy than to earn the money to buy them."</span> <span style="color:#993399;"><em>Dolly Freed from the book "Possum Living;" quoted from the Jan, 2010 issue of Oprah, Page 103.</em></span></span>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-31181872782445954112011-01-31T20:47:00.003-07:002011-01-31T20:59:26.008-07:00Health Care: Canada vs USA<strong><span style="color:#330033;">There a lot of controversy about US and Canadian health care systems. Many US citizens criticize the Canadian system, painting horror stories about health care in our neighbor to the north. Others say we would do well to copy the Canadian system. Sara Robinson regularly sees doctors on both sides of the border and is therefore better qualified than most to see the pros and cons of both systems. She writes about her experiences in the following two-part article:</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="color:#330033;"></span></strong><br /><strong><span style="color:#330033;">Mythbusting Canadian Health care -- Part 1</span></strong><br /> <a href="http://www.ourfuture.org/print/21313">http://www.ourfuture.org/print/21313</a><br /><br /> <strong><span style="color:#330033;"> and</span></strong><br /><strong><span style="color:#330033;"></span></strong><br /><strong><span style="color:#330033;">Mythbusting Canadian Health Care, Part 11: Debunking the Free Marketeers</span></strong><br /> <a href="http://www.ourfuture.org/print/21641">http://www.ourfuture.org/print/21641</a>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-90480302113660570032011-01-31T09:13:00.004-07:002011-01-31T17:47:35.390-07:00<span style="color:#000099;"><em>Papa and Zachary on the way to school this morning, about a ten-minute walk.</em></span><br /><span style="color:#000099;"><em>Papa: "Look, it's clear outside! Sunshine!!" (a pause)</em></span><br /><span style="color:#000099;"><em>"Do you know what moonshine is, Zachary?"</em></span><br /><span style="color:#000099;"><em>Zach: "Yes, it's light from the moon."</em></span><br /><span style="color:#000099;"><em>Papa: "That's right, but the word moonshine is also used to describe home-made whiskey."</em></span><br /><span style="color:#000099;"><em>Zach: "Wow! Two entirely different definitions. Just like stool." </em></span>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-36541132621712837642011-01-09T15:19:00.002-07:002011-01-09T15:30:31.941-07:00<span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong>Questionaire</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong>1. How much poison are you willing</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> to eat for the success of the free</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> market and global trade? Please</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> name your preferred poisons.</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong>2. For the sake of goodness, how much</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> evil are you willing to do?</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> Fill in the following blanks</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> with the names of your favorite</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> evils and acts of hatred.</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong>3. What sacrifices are you prepared</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> to make for culture and civilization?</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> Please list the monuments, shrines,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> and works of art you would </strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> most willingly destroy.</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong>4. In the name of patriotism and</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> the flag, how much of our beloved </strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> land are you willing to desecrate?</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> List in the following spaces</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> the mountains, rivers, towns, farms</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> you could most readily do without.</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong>5. State briefly the ideas, ideals, or hopes,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> the energy sources, the kinds of security,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> for which you would kill a child.</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> name, please, the children whom</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#cc0000;"><strong> you would be willing to kill.</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;color:#333300;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;color:#333300;"> <em>From the book "Leavings" by Wendell Berry</em></span><br /><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;color:#333300;"><em> pages 14, 15. Pub. by Counterpoint,</em></span><br /><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;color:#333300;"><em> Berkley, CA</em></span><br /><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;color:#333300;"></span><br /><span style="color:#333300;"></span>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5659782862715525895.post-80245030991649295542011-01-05T19:19:00.001-07:002011-01-05T19:20:12.905-07:00"<em><span style="color:#990000;">War is the sum of all evils wrapped up in one." </span></em><br /><em><span style="color:#990000;"></span></em><br /><em><span style="color:#990000;">Leonard Nolt</span></em>Leonard Nolthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16039416551548276012noreply@blogger.com0